Pesticides effects on environment are also directly linked to the constantly declining bee population, a species that is vital to plant pollination. When this occurs, additional fertilizer is bound to be applied to the fields. Effects of pesticide on plants and animalsĬhemicals present in most pesticides reduce nitrogen fixation, the symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants that is required for proper plant growth.Ī reduction in nitrogen fixation results in reduced crop yield, particularly in legume-type plants. In our home and garden, when we use mosquito repellents, bed bug spray regularly, the harmful substances enter into the physiology of humans and animals upon breathing. The harmful effects of pesticides on soil are clearly evident as it makes it infertile within some years. These pesticides spread into the air, water bodies like rivers, canals, soil due to their regular use in the form of spraying, powders, solutions in the agricultural land. Where it grows naturally, Fraser fir is the signature tree species of the high elevation spruce-fir forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains ( Beck 1990).Over usage of pesticides is becoming a big concern now. Thuja standishii × plicata ‘Green Giant’(Gordon) Carr. Hesperocyparis arizonica ‘Carolina sapphire’ GreeneĪL, AR, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, VAĪL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA Hesperocyparis arizonica ‘Blue Ice’ Greene Hesperocyparis arizonica ‘Silver smoke’ Greene × Cupressocyparis leylandii ‘Leigton green’ (A. × Cupressocyparis leylandii ‘Naylor blue’ (A. Reasons for its popularity include its natural conical shape that responds well to shearing and shaping, color and aroma that is pleasing to consumers, strong branches for holding ornaments, and excellent needle retention that allows for trees to be harvested and shipped many weeks before their use in peoples’ homes ( Chastagner and Benson 2000).Ībies concolor(Gord. In North Carolina alone Fraser fir makes up 98% of all trees produced with an annual wholesale value of US$100 million, annual retail value of US$250 million, and an additional US$25 million annually from the sale of greenery and wreaths ( Owen 2016, USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 2019). (Pinales: Pinaceae) has emerged as the premier and most widely planted Christmas tree species in the region, with most production in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Over recent decades, Fraser fir, Abies fraseri Poir. Trees from at least nine different genera are grown for Christmas tree production across the region ( Table 2), sold either precut on tree lots or as choose and cut where consumers travel to a farm to select and cut their own tree, a popular holiday tradition for many families. We propose several areas in need of research that could help Fraser fir Christmas tree producers mitigate the impacts of climate change and potential new pest species, as well as suggest changes to current or potentially novel integrated pest management strategies which have a chance to provide economic and ecological benefits for this industry. In general, pest management in Christmas tree production systems has not changed significantly in the last several decades, and still relies heavily on pesticide usage. We review the major pests affecting Fraser fir Christmas tree production, including their biology, symptoms, and scouting procedures, and current management strategies. ![]() Christmas trees are produced in monocultural environments which make them highly susceptible to several arthropod and fungal pests. Pest management for Christmas trees is notoriously difficult owing to the near zero-tolerance of most pests, even those causing aesthetic damage. Fraser fir production is a multi-million dollar annual industry despite growing in a limited elevational and latitudinal range. This species represents a major component of the Christmas tree industry in the southeastern United States, with production occurring in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. , is one of the most desired Christmas tree species owing to its fragrance, physical appearance, and durability.
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